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简单句

什么是英语句子

必须有主谓结构，并且主语一定是谓语动词的发出者，如果有宾语的话，宾语一定是谓语动作的承受着。

句子的结构

• 主谓
• 主谓宾
• 主系表
  • 表状态：be
  • 表感官：look, seem, appear, smell, taste, sound, feel
  • 表变化：become, get, turn, grow, fall
  • 表保持：stay, remain, keep, stand
• 主谓宾宾补
• 主谓双宾

句子的成分（词性的问题）

1. 谓语

   • 谓语的成分：有时态的系动词，或者实义动词

   • 一句话的动词能不能多？

     不能，一句话只能有一个动词存在并且充当谓语，多余的动词全部要变成非谓语动词，包括：to do(表目的）, V-ing（主动）, V-ed（被动）

     谓语只能是动词

     动词只能做谓语

     所以要把一句话中所有不做谓语的动词全部变成非谓语动词

     e.g.1 他穿上衣服，锁上门，离开了家。

     He putting on his jacket, locking the door, left home.

     e.g.2 大熊猫是熊科中最罕见的成员，主要生存在中国云南地区的森林里。 

     Pandas are the rarest members in bear family, mainly living in the forest of Chinese Southwest.

     e.g.3 我爱你，你爱我

     I loving you, you love me. [独立主格]

   • 动词能不能少？

     不能，当一句话需要动词而又没有时，加上be动词，但是be动词无实际意思

⭕总结：一句话中，有且只能有一个有时态的实义动词或系动词存在，并且充当谓语成分。

2. 主语

• 主语的成分：名词、代词、非谓语动词、从句（引导词）

• 主语能不能少？

  不能，祈使句只是省略了主语，是为了强调语气。

• 当没有主语时怎么办？

  • 加it：与天气、温度、时间有关

    e.g. 今天很热。

    It is very hot day.

  • 加There be/exist/seem/remain，表示“有”

    e.g. 有很多大学生喜欢我。

    There exist a host of undergraduates being fascinated with me.

  • 转为被动，当一句话无主语，或听到人称代词作主语时，考虑被动⭐

    e.g.1 必须指出坚持很重要。

    Persistence must be pointed out outstandingly crucial.

    e.g.2 越来越多人认为过度捕捞很严重。

    Overfishing **is claimed **more than fearful by an increasing amount of professors.

3. 宾语

• 成分：名词、代词、非谓语动词、从句

4. 表语

• 成分：名词、代词、非谓语动词、从句、形容词、介词短语

简单句在写作中的作用

1. 写作

• 所有写不来的长难句暂时写成简单句，一定保证语法的正确
• 所有写不来的单词转换为自己会写的

2. 长难句分析

   第一步找谓语动词，从而找到该句主谓宾，如果一句话中有多个动词，就确定主句谓语动词（前面无引导词）

并列句

什么是并列句？

用于连接两个句子

I love you,  but you love that men.

常见的并列连词

• 平行关系
  • 连词：and, not only ... but also ...
  • 副词：similarly, equally, likewise
  • 介词及短语：at the same time, in the meanwhile
• 转折关系
  • 连词：but, yet, while, whereas
  • 介词及短语：however, nevertheless, on the contrary, conversely, unexpectedly, unfortunately, by contrast
• 选择关系
  • 连词：or, whether ... or ...
  • 副词：alternatively
• 因果关系
  • 连词：for, so
  • 副词：therefore, thus, consequently
  • 介词短语：as a result
• 递进关系
  • 连词：then
  • 副词：besides, furthermore, moreover, additionally, subsequently
  • 介词短语：in addition

并列句考点

1. 写作：只要上下句有逻辑关系，就一定要用逻辑关系词[连词、副词、介词及其短语]

e.g.1 爱情已经不再了，他还在留意过去。

• Romance has evaporated, but he still misses the past.
• Romance has evaporated. on the contrary he still misses the pass.

⭐连词和其他逻辑关系词的区别：

• 连词前有无逗号均可
• 其他逻辑关系词前，要么加and，要么加句号

e.g.2 有朋自远方来，不亦说乎。

• There remain an army of companies coming from afar, and consequently I feel more than delighted.

2. 完形填空

   只需要读懂逻辑关系词前后两句话的意思即可

3. 长难句分析

   在分析长难句的时候，只要见到并列词的出现，通常有省略

   第二步找连词，但是当连词连接两个单词时，该单词装作没看见，那么如何查找省略的内容？

   [1] 一句话只要有省略，就一定省略在连词后，而不是连词前

   [2] 所以连词后有的成分，连词前通常都要有，如果连词后只有一个成分，连词前一定找得到；如果连词后有多个成分，连词前至少能找到一个

   [3] 连词前面有而连词后面没有的就是省略的部分

   e.g.1 Under modern conditions, this requires varying measures of centralized control and hence the help of specialized scientists such as economists and operational research experts.

   • requires 是谓语
   • and 作为连接词，and 后面有省略，根据前后结构都是n. + 定语，所以后面省略了this requires
   • Under modern conditions, this requires varying measures of centralized control and hence this requires the help of specialized scientists such as economists and operational research experts.

   e.g.2 The data suggest, for example, that physically attractive individuals are more likely to be treated well by their parents, sought out as friends, and pursued romantically.

   • suggest 是谓语
   • and 是连词，根据 and 前后的结构都是V-ed + 状语，所以省略了 be动词
   • The data suggest, for example, that physically attractive individuals are more likely to be treated well by their parents, be sought out as friends, and be pursued romantically.

   e.g.3 Until these issues are resolved, a technology of behavior will continue to be rejected, and with it possibly the only way to solve our problems.

   • will continue 是谓语
   • and 是连词，根据前后都是n + 定语，所以句子省略了will continue to be rejected
   • Until these issues are resolved, a technology of behavior will continue to be rejected, and with it possibly the only way to solve our problems will continue to be rejected.

名词[短语]和名词性从句

名词能够充当的成分

1. 主语 The movie look terrific.

2. 宾语 I admire his mother.

3. 表语 Gump is a man.

4. 同位语 I enjoy the part, the beginning.

   • 同位语：用来解释名词的部分
   • 只要在作文中见到名词，都可以有意识地在它后面加同位语，对该名词进行补充说明
   • 同位语的成分：名词、代词、非谓语动词、从句

什么是名词性从句

名词在句子中充当的成分，名词性从句都可以充当

1. What I saw looks terrific. 主语从句
2. I admire what she said. 宾语从句
3. Gump is who we should learn from. 表语从句
4. I enjoy the part, the a bid is flying. 同位语从句

名词性从句引导词

1. that：当从句是陈述句，并且，that 在从句中充当任何成分也没有意思

   That he has got divorced is my fault.

2. whether：当从句是一般疑问句时，并且，whether 在从句中不充当成分，意思是“是否”

   Whether he has got divorced is obvious.

3. 所有特殊疑问词：当从句是特殊疑问句时

   Who he will marry is a secret.

⭐所有从句都必须是陈述句：引导词 + 主 + 谓

名词性从句的考点分析

1. 写作

• 主语从句：把主语从句放句末，加it做形式主语

  It remains common knowledge that ladies tend to be right.

  • 句型

    • It ... that ...
    • It is apparent that ...
    • It looks beyond dispute that ...

• It has been widely accepted that ...

  • It is universally acknowledge that ...
  • It keeps my argument that ...

  e.g. 显而易见，关于勤奋这个话题已经引起广泛的关注。

  It looks beyond dispute that the issue about diligence has been brought into the limelight.

• 同位语从句

  • e.g.1 没有什么能够掩盖这个事实，她正在变老。

    Nothing can hide the truth that she is getting old.

  • 同位语从句既可以放名词后，也可以放句末。

2. 长难句分析：能够识别各个名词性从句且能够通顺翻译

• 如何识别主语从句：

  • 只要见到有引导词放在句首，并且从句没有被逗号隔开，就一定是主语从句
  • 主语从句从句首开始，到谓语动词前结束
  • 见到it ... that ...通常是主语从句，主语从句从that开始

• 如何识别宾语从句：

  • 只要实义动词后面后引导词，就暂时定为宾语从句（当然也可能是状语从句）

• 如何识别表语从句：

  • 只要系动词后面有引导词，就为表语从句

• 如何识别同位语从句：

  • 只要名词后面有引导词，就暂定为同位语从句（也可能是定语从句）

定语和定语从句

什么是定语

• 修饰名词
• ... 的 + n.

定语的成分

1. 形容词 The innocent nightingale died.

2. 名词 The singing of the nightingale can make the rose bloom.

3. 介词短语 The nightingale out of the window heard the sighs of the man.

4. 非谓语动词 The singing nightingale lost its life.

5. 从句作定语

6. 形容词性物主代词

定语的位置

1. 前小后大原则：

   • 一个单词修饰时，放在名词前
   • 多个单词修饰时，放在名词后

   e.g.1 这是一个关于玫瑰和夜莺的故事。

   It is a story about a rose and a nightingale.

   e.g.2 那个懂得爱的年轻人离开了王子的舞会。

   The youngster grasping romance left the party of the prince.

   e.g.3 被拒绝的男人看起来很可怜。

   The man rejected looks pitiful.

   ⭐当过去分词作定语时，即使一个单词也放在名词后。

   e.g.4 我有一些重要的事情告诉你。

   I have something important to tell you.

   ⭐当形容词修饰不定代词时，即使一个单词也放名词后。

定语从句

1. 定语从句的构成：n. + 引导词 + 从句

2. 定语从句的引导词：按照先行词[即要修饰的名词]归类

   • 人：who, whom, whose, that
   • 物：that, which, whose
   • 时间：that, which, when
   • 地点：that, which, where
   • 原因：that, which, why

3. 谁决定了引导词的用法：

   • 先行词
   • 引导词在从句中充当的成分

4. 定语从句引导词新的分类标准：按照引导词的词性分类

   • 代词（主、宾、表）：who, whom, that, which
   • 副词（不充当任何成分）：where, when, why
   • 形容词（修饰离它最近的）：whose

   e.g.1 夜莺用生命换来的玫瑰花被扔掉了。

   The rose that the nightingale exchanged with its life was discarded.

   e.g.2 这些圆形的建筑物很漂亮。

   Buildings whose roofs are round look beautiful.

   e.g.3 成功属于有梦想的人已经被无数事实证明了

   It has been validated by numerous factors that glories belong to those who have dreams.

5. 定语从句的特殊用法

   • that 引导定语从句时，如果充当宾语，that 可以省略

     I enjoy the book (that) my mom brought for me.

     • 在分析长难句时，若看到有2个名词或代词连在一起，中间没有逗号隔开，通常是省略 that 的定语从句

   • 区别限制和非限制性定语从句

     • I love she, who is beautiful. 非限制性
     • I love she who is beautiful. 限制性
     • 在分析长难句时，非限制性定语从句相当于插入语，可以不看

   • 先行词和引导词之间有介词的情况

     • 人：whom
     • 物：which

     e.g.1 He is the man from whom we should learn.

     e.g.2 I never forget the day on which I met you.

   • 区别the same ... as ...和the same ... that ...引导的定语从句

     • He is the same man as I love. 他像我爱的男人。
     • He is the same man that I love. 他是我爱的男人。

   • as和which引导的非限制性定语从句

     • which 引导的非限制性定语从句，as 也可以，which 只能前面，as 可前可后

6. 区别定语从句和同位语从句

   • 相同点：先行词 + 引导词 + 句子
   • 不同点：
     • 看从句本身意思：定语从句是对前面名词进行修饰，同位语从句是对前面名词的解释
     • 看引导词 that 在从句中是否充当成分：如果充当成分则是定语从句，若不充当则为同位语从句
     • 定语从句的先行词可以是所有名词，而同位语从句的先行词只能是抽象名词
     • 定语从句引导词有8个，而同位语从句的引导词一般都是that

7. 定语从句的难点——寻找先行词

   • 离它最近的名词
   • 前面并列的几个名词 n. + n. + n. + 定语从句
   • 前面的从句
   • 前面的整个句子
   • 先行词和引导词被隔开

8. 定语和定语从句考点分析——写作中的应用

   • 只要在作文中看到名词，都可以有意识地加个定语从句把句子拉长。

9. 定语和定语从句的中英差异

   • 汉语：讲究意合 VS 英语：讲究形合
   • 汉语主动，英语被动
   • 汉语多短句，英语多长句：利用非谓语动词、加连词、从句等方法将句子变长

10. 定语从句的长难句分析

    • 关键是找名词，只要名词后面有一连串东西（只要不是动词），就暂定为定语（也可能是状语），定语从名词后开始，到主句谓语动词前结束
    • 如果定语在主句谓语动词后，定语从名词后开始到句末结束（通常）
    • 一个大定语通常有多个小定语，每个小定语到下一个名词结束

状语及状语从句

形容词和副词的成分

1. 形容词
   • 表语
   • 定语
2. 副词
   • 修饰实义动词 He cried sadly.
   • 修饰形容词 He looks especially sad.
   • 修饰副词 He cried rather sadly.
   • 修饰句子 Actually, he cried.

状语的含义

状语就是一个在句子中，用来修饰实义动词、形容词、副词、句子的成分，状语除了不能修饰名词外，其他都能修饰

状语的成分

1. 副词
2. 介词短语 She cried like a boy losing his toy.
3. 非谓语动词 She cried, sitting there.
4. 从句 She cried when she sat there.

状语的位置

随便放

状语从句

引导词按意思分为9类

1. 时间状语从句
   • when, while, as 当 ... 的时候
   • before, after 在 ... 之前/之后
   • since 自从
   • the moment ... 的时刻
   • by the time ... 为止
   • until, not ... until 直到 ... 才

• 时态问题：

  When love comes, I will hold her hands.

  • 在所有状语从句中，如果主句和从句动作都尚未发生，主句用一般将来时，从句用一般现在时

  When love came, I failed to hold her hands.

  • 在所有状语从句中，如果主句和从句动作都已经发生，直接按照相应时态写

• 区别until和not ... until

  • I will wait here until you come.
  • I will not leave until you come.
  • I did not realize the greatness of mothers until I grew up.
  • 看主句的动词是延续性动词还是瞬时动词，如果是瞬间动词则用 not ... until

• when 引导的时间状语从句省略情况

  • When I was a kid, I enjoyed singing songs.
  • when 引导的时间状语从句，若主从句主语一致，并且从句的谓语有 be 动词，此时，从句的主语和 be 动词可以同时省略

2. 地点状语从句
   • The kind of trees grow well in moist places.
   • The kind of trees grow well where it is moist.
   • 做地点状语，通常是介词短语，很少用地点状语从句
3. 原因状语从句

• because, as, since, in that, seeing that, considering that, now that, given that
• for 连词
• because of, due to, owing to, thanks to , for the sake of, as a result of + n / doing

4. 目的状语从句

• to, in order to, so as to + V-原

• 引导词 so that, in order that 表目的，通常放在句末而非句首

  We will asscend higher in order to overlook fatther.

  We will asscend higher in order that we overlook fatther.

5. 结果状语从句

• so + adj. / adv. + that 如此 ... 以至于
• such + n + that 如此 ... 以至于

6. 让步状语从句

• although, though, even though, even if, as, while 虽然、尽管
• while
  • 连词，放在两句中间，“但是”
  • “当 ... 的时候”，后面跟 V-ing
  • 放句首，一般都是"尽管、虽然"
• as 引导的让步状语从句，从句的表语可以放在句首构成部分倒装
  • As I seem ugly, I keep gentle.
  • Ugly as I seem, I keep gentle.

7. 方式状语从句

• as, the way, as if, as though 好像，似乎
• by, though, by means of, in ... way, manner 介词短语作状语
• She looks as if she were made of ice.

8. 条件状语从句

• suppose that, supposing that 如果
• if, provided that 如果
• as long as, so long as 如果
• unless 除非
• If there is a ghost of hope, I will never give up.

9. 比较状语从句

• as ... as ... 原级比较
• than

写作中的作用

作文中任何一句话都可以加一个状语把句子拉长

长难句分析

1. 能够快速识别一句话的状语成分，并通顺翻译
2. 只要见到以下成分一定是状语：副词，比较，条件，结果，原因，让步，目的，方式，伴随(with)
3. 如果见到 n + 时间 / 地点，要区分定语还是状语
4. 如果无法确定状语还是定语，则定语优先，只有当定语翻译极其不通顺时才做状语

as 专题

1. as 的意思总结
   • as + n. 作为
   • v. + ... + as
   • as + 句子 当 ... 的时候 / 因为 / 尽管、虽然 / 好像、似乎

than 专题

1. not so much as = not even 甚至不 / 没有
2. not so much A as B 与其说 A 倒不如说 B
3. more A than B 与其说 B 倒不如说 B
4. more than + adj. / adv 非常
5. more than + n 不仅仅是
6. more than + 数词 多于

强调句型

1. It is ... that / who

   • 跟过去有关则 was，只能是 is 或 was
   • 强调句型可以强调句子所有成分，除了谓语
   • that 可以用于物 / 人，who 用于人

   e.g.1 我昨天在街上遇到了我的旧情人。

   • I met my old flame in the street yesterday.
   • It was I that met my old flame in the street yesterday.

   e.g.2 有很多的原因解释这种现象。

   • There remains abundant elements to account for the issue.
   • It is abundant elements that there remains to account for the issue.

2. 强调句型考点分析

• 写作：所有句子都可以写成强调句子

  e.g.1 你至今仍然没有意识到就是因为你交友不慎，你才没有考上心目中的理想大学。

  So far, you have never realized that It was because you have had unfavorable friends that you failed to go to your dreamful university.

• 长难句分析

  But it is the arrival of new satellite channels -- funded partly by advertising and partly by viewers' subscriptions -- that will bring about the biggest changes in the long term.

倒装句

什么是倒装句

倒装句就是把一句话写成一般疑问句的形式，也就是给一句话加个助动词或把 be 动词放在句首

• Is your father a teacher ?

倒装句的具体使用

1. 否定词放在句首用倒装

   • e.g.1 I can hardly speak English.

     Hardly can I speak English.

   • e.g.2 Playing phones not only influences the physical and mental health of youngsters but also wastes their percious time.

     Not only does playing phones influence the physical and mental health of youngsters, but also wastes theirs precious time.

2. so, nor / neither 位于句首，表明承前句子的肯定或否定时用倒装

   • He can speak English, so can I.
   • He can not cook , nor can I.

3. 含有 so ... that... 句型把 so 引导的部分放在句首用倒装

   • I feel so rejoiced that I lose my sleep for the whole night.
   • So rejoiced do I feel that I lose my sleep for the whole night.

4. Only 引出状语从句放在句首用倒装

   • The problem could be resolved only in this way.
   • Only in this way could the problem be resolved.

5. as 引导让步状语从句，从句的表语放在句首可以构成倒装

   • As I look ugly, I am quite gentle.
   • Ugly as I look, I am quite gentle.

6. 省略 if 的虚拟语气用倒装

   • If you had obeyed my instruction, you could have passed the exam.
   • Had you obeyed my instruction, you could have passed the exam.

写作

e.g. 文化交流不仅能够促进我们国家经济的发展，而且还能开阔个人的眼界。

​ Not only can cultural exchange promote economic advance, but also makes our eye sight broad.

长难句分析

• 还原倒装部分后再做翻译

虚拟语气

定义

• 虚拟表示与事实相反，虽然语气委婉

一般用法

1. if 引导的条件状语从句

• e.g.1 如果你是我眼中的一滴泪，我就不会流泪。

  If you are a tear in my eyes, I would never shed it.

  把时态变成过去式，即为虚拟语气

  If you were a tear in my eyes, I would never shed it.

总结：只需要把写好的句子时态变成过去式，就是虚拟语气，并且虚拟语气中，be 的过去只有 were， could 等于 would 也等于 might

特殊用法

1. 以下情况从句用should + v.表示虚拟，并且 should 可以省略

• 以防：in case, lest, for fear that
• 命令：order, direct, command
• 建议：advise, suggest, propose
• 要求：ask, request, demand, require
• 必要：It is necessary / important that

2. 以下情况从句用过去式表虚拟：

   • would rather, It is high time that

     It is high time that the independence of kid should be were cultivated by senior citizens.

3. 以下情况要区别对待

   就是把它本来的时态写成过去式就好了

   • wish 希望
   • but for 要不是
   • if only 如果 ... 该多好
   • or / otherwise 否则
   • as if / as though 好像、似乎

长难句分析

无论句子有无虚拟语气，都可直接翻译

情态动词

• 表明说话人主观态度的词汇
• 情态动词 + V-原
• 情态动词相当于助动词

1. 现在将来的推测 [情态动词 + V-原]
2. 情态动词表示对过去的推测

• He must have been self-abased in his college.
  • must have been 一定做过
  • must 的否定是 can not
  • must not 是 禁止做... 的意思
• You need not have shown your love in this way.
  • need not have done 本来没必要做，但是做了...
• I could have become a prominent poets.
  • could have become 本来能够做 ..., 但却没有做 ... 表示遗憾
• We should have got married if there exists a chance.
  • should be done 本应做，却没做

标签：定语,...,从句,状语,英语语法,连词,动词
来源： https://www.cnblogs.com/zgqcn/p/13762052.html

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