标签：nm 16 微处理器 32 GHz chronology MHz Microprocessor Intel

今天看到一则消息是，台湾的台积电，100位工程师集体跳槽到中国泉芯集成电路制造和武汉弘芯半导体，未来是芯片的时代．

Microprocessor 年代表

1970s(十九世纪七十年代)

The first microprocessors were designed and manufactured in the 1970s. 
第一个微处理器被设计和生产是在二十世纪七十年代.

Designers predominantly used MOSFET transistors with pMOS logic in the early 1970s,

20世纪70年代早期，设计师主要使用带有pMOS逻辑的MOSFET晶体管

and then predominantly used NMOS logic from the mid-1970s.

然后主要使用20世纪70年代中期的NMOS逻辑。

They also experimented with various word lengths. Early on, 4-bit processors were common (e.g. Intel 4004).

他们还试验了不同的字长。早期，4位处理器很常见（例如英特尔4004）。

Later in the decade, 8-bit processors such as the MOS 6502 superseded the 4-bit chips. 

在这十年(1970-1980)的后期，8位处理器（如MOS 6502芯片）取代了4位芯片.
注：MOS 6502是1975年由MOS科技所研制的8位微处理器（CPU），说明４位的cpu已过时

16-bit processors emerged by the decade's end. Some unusual word lengths were tried, including 12-bit and 20-bit.
16位处理器在本世纪末出现。尝试了一些不寻常的字长，包括12位和20位。

英特尔4004被广泛认为是世界第一款商用微处理器

Date	Name	Developer	data-sort-type="number"	Max clock (first version)	data-sort-type="number"	Word size (bits)	data-sort-type="number"	Process	data-sort-type="number"	Chips[1]	data-sort-type="number"	Transistors	MOSFET
1971	4004	Intel	740 kHz	4	10 μm	1	2,250	pMOS
1972	PPS-25	Fairchild	400 kHz	4		2		pMOS
1972	μPD700	NEC		4		1			[2]
1972	8008	Intel	500 kHz	8	10 μm	1	3,500	pMOS
1972	PPS-4	Rockwell	200 kHz	4		1		pMOS	[3]
1973	μCOM-4	NEC	2 MHz	4	7.5 μm	1	2,500	NMOS	[4] [5]
1973	TLCS-12	Toshiba	1 MHz	12	6 μm	1	2,800 silicon gates	pMOS	[6]
1973	Mini-D	Burroughs	1 MHz	8		1		pMOS
1974	IMP-8	National	715 kHz	8		3		pMOS
1974	8080	Intel	2 MHz	8	6 μm	1	6,000	NMOS
1974	μCOM-8	NEC	2 MHz	8		1		NMOS
1974	5065	Mostek	1.4 MHz	8		1		pMOS
1974	μCOM-16	NEC	2 MHz	16		2		NMOS
1974	IMP-4	National	500 kHz	4		3		pMOS
1974	4040	Intel	740 kHz	4	10 μm	1	3,000	pMOS
1974	6800	Motorola	1 MHz	8	-	1	4,100	NMOS
1974	TMS 1000	Texas Instruments	400 kHz	4	8 μm	1	8,000
1974	PACE	National		16		1		pMOS	[7]
1974	ISP-8A/500 (SC/MP)	National	1 MHz	8		1		pMOS
1975	6100	Intersil	4 MHz	12	-	1	4,000	CMOS	[8] [9]
1975	TLCS-12A	Toshiba	1.2 MHz	12	-	1		pMOS
1975	2650	Signetics	1.2 MHz	8		1		NMOS
1975	PPS-8	Rockwell	256 kHz	8		1		pMOS
1975	F-8	Fairchild	2 MHz	8		1		NMOS
1975	CDP 1801	RCA	2 MHz	8	5 μm	2	5,000	CMOS	[10] [11]
1975	6502	MOS Technology	1 MHz	8	-	1	3,510	NMOS (dynamic)
1975	IMP-16	National	715 kHz	16		5		pMOS	[12]
1975	PFL-16A (MN 1610)	Panafacom	2 MHz	16	-	1		NMOS
1975	BPC	Hewlett Packard	10 MHz	16	-	1	6,000 (+ ROM)	NMOS	[13] [14]
1975	MCP-1600	Western Digital	3.3 MHz	16	-	3		NMOS
1975	CP1600	General Instrument	3.3 MHz	16		1		NMOS	[15] [16] [17]
1976	CDP 1802	RCA	6.4 MHz	8		1		CMOS	[18] [19]
1976	Z-80	Zilog	2.5 MHz	8	4 μm	1	8,500	NMOS
1976	TMS9900	Texas Instruments	3.3 MHz	16	-	1	8,000
1976	8x300	Signetics	8 MHz	8		1		Bipolar	[20] [21]
1977	Bellmac-8 (WE212)	Bell Labs	2.0 MHz	8	5 μm	1	7,000	CMOS
1977	8085	Intel	3.0 MHz	8	3 μm	1	6,500
1977	MC14500B	Motorola	1.0 MHz	1		1		CMOS
1978	6809	Motorola	1 MHz	8	5 μm	1	9,000
1978	8086	Intel	5 MHz	16	3 μm	1	29,000
1978	6801	Motorola	-	8	5 μm	1	35,000
1979	Z8000	Zilog	-	16	-	1	17,500
1979	8088	Intel	5 MHz	8/16	3 μm	1	29,000	NMOS (HMOS)
1979	68000	Motorola	8 MHz	16/32	3.5 μm	1	68,000	NMOS (HMOS)	[22]

1980s

In the 1980s, 16-bit and 32-bit microprocessors were common among new designs, and CMOS technology overtook NMOS. Transistor count increased dramatically during the decade.

20世纪80年代，16位和32位微处理器在新设计中很常见，CMOS技术超过了NMOS。晶体管数量在这十年里急剧增加。

Key home computers which remained popular for much of the 1980s predominantly use processors developed in the 1970s. Versions of the MOS Technology 6502, first released in 1975, power the Commodore 64, Apple IIe, BBC Micro, and Atari 8-bit family. The Zilog Z80 (1976) is at the core of the ZX Spectrum.

在20世纪80年代的大部分时间里，主要家用电脑仍然很受欢迎，主要使用70年代开发的处理器。1975年首次发布的MOS Technology 6502版本为Commodore 64、Apple IIe、BBC Micro和Atari 8位系列提供动力。Zilog Z80（1976）是ZX光谱的核心。

The IBM PC launched in 1981 with an Intel 8088. It was not until Intel's 80286 (used in the 1984 IBM PC/AT), and later the 80386, that processors designed in the 1980s drove the computers of the 1980s. These chips had higher clock speeds and 32-bit memory access. The end of the decade saw the launch of the Intel 80486, the first personal computer CPU with on-chip floating point support instead of as an optional coprocessor.

IBM个人电脑于1981年推出，搭配了英特尔8088芯片。直到英特尔的80286（1984年用于IBM PC/AT）和后来的80386，在二十世纪八十年代设计的处理器才驱动了二十世纪八十年代的计算机。这些芯片具有更高的时钟速度和32位内存访问。在八十年代末，英特尔80486(80486是Intel公司1989年推出的32位微处理器。它采用了1μm(微米)制造工艺,内部集成了120万个晶体管。内外部数据总线是32位,地址总线为32位)发布，这是第一款支持芯片内浮点运算的个人计算机CPU，而不是作为可选的协处理器。

1.协处理器（coprocessor），一种芯片，用于减轻系统微处理器的特定处理任务。协处理器，这是一种协助中央处理器完成其无法执行或执行效率、效果低下的处理工作而开发和应用的处理器
2.

IBM PC的早期型号

型号	型号#	发布时间	CPU	特点
PC	5150	1981.08	8088	磁盘或磁带系统
XT	5160	1983.03	8088	首用IBM个人计算机硬盘内部标准。
XT/370	5160/588	1983.10	8088	5160与XT / 370选项组件和3278/79仿真适配器
3270 PC	5271	1983.10	8088	与3270终端仿真
PCjr	4860	1983.11	8088	基于软盘的家用电脑
Portable	5155	1984.02	8088	基于软盘的便携式
AT	5170	1984.08	80286	中速硬盘
AT/370	5170/599	1984.10	80286	有370选择工具及对3278/79仿真适配器的5170
3270 AT	5281	1985 .06	80286	与3270终端仿真
Convertible	5140	1986.04	8088	微型软磁盘 手提便携式
XT 286	5162	1986.09	80286	缓慢的硬盘，但零等待状态内存的主板。这6兆赫机器其实比8兆赫ATs（当使用平面的记忆，因为零点）等待状态

 

A mid-1980s generation of GUI-driven home computers is based around the Motorola 68000: Macintosh (1984), Atari ST (1985), Amiga (1985), and X68000 (1987). Even the Sega Genesis game console, released in 1988-89, uses a 68000 as the main CPU and a Z80 for sound.

20世纪80年代中期，一代GUI驱动的家用电脑以摩托罗拉68000为基础：Macintosh（1984）、Atari ST（1985）、Amiga（1985）和X68000（1987）。就连1988-89年,发布的世嘉创世纪（Sega Genesis）游戏机也使用68000作为主CPU，Z80作为声音。(Zilog Z80,简称Z80,是一款由zilog公司制造的微处理器,与英特尔公司出产的8080微处理器的代码兼容)

Date	Name	Developer	data-sort-type="number"	Clock	data-sort-type="number"	Word size (bits)	data-sort-type="number"	Process	data-sort-type="number"	Transistors
1980	16032	National Semiconductor	-	16/32	-	60,000
1981	6120	Harris Corporation	10 MHz	12	-	20,000 (CMOS)[23]
1981	ROMP	IBM	10 MHz	32	2 μm	45,000
1981	T-11	DEC	2.5 MHz	16	5 μm	17,000 (NMOS)
1982	RISC-I[24]	UC Berkeley	1 MHz	-	5 μm	44,420 (NMOS)
1982	FOCUS	Hewlett Packard	18 MHz	32	1.5 μm	450,000
1982	80186	Intel	6 MHz	16	-	55,000
1987	80C186	Intel	10 MHz	16	-	56,000 (CMOS)
1982	80188	Intel	8 MHz	8/16	-	29,000
1982	80286	Intel	6 MHz	16	1.5 μm	134,000
1983	RISC-II	UC Berkeley	3 MHz	-	3 μm	40,760 (NMOS)
1983	MIPS[25]	Stanford University	2 MHz	32	3 μm	25,000
1983	65816	Western Design Center	-	16	-	-
1984	68020	Motorola	16 MHz	32	2 μm	190,000
1984	NS32032	National Semiconductor	-	32	-	70,000
1984	V20	NEC	5 MHz	8/16	-	63,000
1985	80386	Intel	16–40 MHz	32	1.5 μm	275,000
1985	MicroVax II 78032	DEC	5 MHz	32	3.0 μm	125,000
1985	R2000	MIPS	8 MHz	32	2 μm	115,000
1985[26]	Novix NC4016	Harris Corporation	8 MHz	16	3 μm[27]	16,000[28]
1986	Z80000	Zilog	-	32	-	91,000
1986	SPARC MB86900	Fujitsu[29] [30] [31]	40 MHz	32	0.8 μm	800,000
1986	V60[32]	NEC	16 MHz	16/32	1.5 μm	375,000
1987	CVAX 78034	DEC	12.5 MHz	32	2.0 μm	134,000
1987	ARM2	Acorn	8 MHz	32	2 μm	25,000[33]
1987	Gmicro/200[34]	Hitachi	-	-	1 μm	730,000
1987	68030	Motorola	16 MHz	32	1.3 μm	273,000
1987	V70	NEC	20 MHz	16/32	1.5 μm	385,000
1988	R3000	MIPS	25 MHz	32	1.2 μm	120,000
1988	80386SX	Intel	12–33 MHz	16/32	-	-
1988	i960	Intel	10 MHz	33/32	1.5 μm	250,000
1989	i960CA[35]	Intel	1633 MHz	33/32	0.8 μm	600,000
1989	VAX DC520 "Rigel"	DEC	35 MHz	32	1.5 μm	320,000
1989	80486	Intel	25 MHz	32	1 μm	1,180,000
1989	i860	Intel	25 MHz	32	1 μm	1,000,000

1990s

The 32-bit microprocessor dominated the consumer market in the 1990s. Processor clock speeds increased by more than tenfold between 1990 and 1999,

20世纪90年代，32位微处理器统治（主导）了消费市场。处理器的时钟速度在1990年到1999年间增加了10倍多，

and 64-bit processors began to emerge later in the decade. In the 1990s,

64位处理器在这十年的晚些时候开始被知晓。在20世纪90年代，

 microprocessors no longer used the same clock speed for the processor and the RAM. 
微处理器不再被处理器和RAM使用相同的时钟速度。

Processors began to have a front-side bus (FSB) clock speed used in communication with RAM and other components.

处理器开始使用前端总线（FSB）时钟速度与RAM和其他组件进行通信。

Typically, the processor itself ran at a clock speed that was a multiple of the FSB clock speed.

通常，处理器本身的时钟速度是FSB时钟速度的倍数。
 Intel's Pentium III, for example, had an internal clock speed of 450–600 MHz and an FSB speed of 100–133 MHz. Only the processor's internal clock speed is shown here.

例如，英特尔的奔腾III内部时钟速度为450–600 MHz，FSB速度为100–133 MHz。此处仅表明的是处理器的内部时钟速度。

Date	Name	Developer	data-sort-type="number"	Clock	data-sort-type="number"	Word size (bits)	data-sort-type="number"	Process	data-sort-type="number"	Transistors (millions)	data-sort-type="number"	Threads
1990	68040	Motorola	40 MHz	32	-	1.2
1990	POWER1	IBM	20–30 MHz	32	1,000 nm	6.9
1991	R4000	MIPS Computer Systems	100 MHz	64	800 nm	1.35
1991	NVAX	DEC	62.5–90.91 MHz	-	750 nm	1.3
1991	RSC	IBM	33 MHz	32	800 nm	1.0[36]
1992	SH-1	Hitachi	20 MHz[37]	32	800 nm	0.6[38]
1992	Alpha 21064	DEC	100–200 MHz	64	750 nm	1.68
1992	microSPARC I	Sun	40–50 MHz	32	800 nm	0.8
1992	PA-7100	Hewlett Packard	100 MHz	32	800 nm	0.85[39]
1992	486SLC	Cyrix	40 MHz	16
1993	HARP-1	Hitachi	120 MHz	-	500 nm	2.8[40]
1993	PowerPC 601	IBM, Motorola	50–80 MHz	32	600 nm	2.8
1993	Pentium	Intel	60–66 MHz	32	800 nm	3.1
1993	POWER2	IBM	55–71.5 MHz	32	720 nm	23
1994	microSPARC II	Fujitsu	60–125 MHz	-	500 nm	2.3
1994	68060	Motorola	50 MHz	32	600 nm	2.5
1994	Alpha 21064A	DEC	200–300 MHz	64	500 nm	2.85
1994	R4600		100–125 MHz	64	650 nm	2.2
1994	PA-7200	Hewlett Packard	125 MHz	32	550 nm	1.26
1994	PowerPC 603	IBM, Motorola	60–120 MHz	32	500 nm	1.6
1994	PowerPC 604	IBM, Motorola	100–180 MHz	32	500 nm	3.6
1994	PA-7100LC	Hewlett Packard	100 MHz	32	750 nm	0.90
1995	Alpha 21164	DEC	266–333 MHz	64	500 nm	9.3
1995	UltraSPARC	Sun	143–167 MHz	64	470 nm	5.2
1995	SPARC64	HAL Computer Systems	101–118 MHz	64	400 nm	-
1995	Pentium Pro	Intel	150–200 MHz	32	350 nm	5.5
1996	Alpha 21164A	DEC	400–500 MHz	64	350 nm	9.7
1996	K5	AMD	75–100 MHz	32	500 nm	4.3
1996	R10000	MTI	150–250 MHz	64	350 nm	6.7
1996	R5000		180–250 MHz	-	350 nm	3.7
1996	SPARC64 II	HAL Computer Systems	141–161 MHz	64	350 nm	-
1996	PA-8000	Hewlett-Packard	160–180 MHz	64	500 nm	3.8
1996	P2SC	IBM	150 MHz	32	290 nm	15
1997	SH-4	Hitachi	200 MHz	-	200 nm[41]	10[42]
1997	RS64	IBM	125 MHz	64	? nm	?
1997	Pentium II	Intel	233–300 MHz	32	350 nm	7.5
1997	PowerPC 620	IBM, Motorola	120–150 MHz	64	350 nm	6.9
1997	UltraSPARC IIs	Sun	250–400 MHz	64	350 nm	5.4
1997	S/390 G4	IBM	370 MHz	32	500 nm	7.8
1997	PowerPC 750	IBM, Motorola	233–366 MHz	32	260 nm	6.35
1997	K6	AMD	166–233 MHz	32	350 nm	8.8
1998	RS64-II	IBM	262 MHz	64	350 nm	12.5
1998	Alpha 21264	DEC	450–600 MHz	64	350 nm	15.2
1998	MIPS R12000	SGI	270–400 MHz	64	250–180 nm	6.9
1998	RM7000	QED	250–300 MHz	-	250 nm	18
1998	SPARC64 III	HAL Computer Systems	250–330 MHz	64	240 nm	17.6
1998	S/390 G5	IBM	500 MHz	32	250 nm	25
1998	PA-8500	Hewlett Packard	300–440 MHz	64	250 nm	140
1998	POWER3	IBM	200 MHz	64	250 nm	15
1999	Emotion Engine	Sony, Toshiba	294–300 MHz	-	180–65 nm[43]	13.5[44]
1999	Pentium III	Intel	450–600 MHz	32	250 nm	9.5
1999	RS64-III	IBM	450 MHz	64	220 nm	34	2
1999	PowerPC 7400	Motorola	350–500 MHz	32	200–130 nm	10.5
1999	Athlon	AMD	500–1000 MHz	32	250 nm	22

2000s

64-bit processors became mainstream in the 2000s.

64位处理器在21世纪初成为主流.

Microprocessor clock speeds reached a ceiling because of the heat dissipation barrier.

Instead of implementing expensive and impractical cooling systems, manufacturers turned to parallel computing in the form of the multi-core processor. 

微处理器的时钟速度达到了上限. 由于散热屏障，制造商没有制作昂贵且不切实际的冷却系统，而是转向多核处理器形式的并行计算。

Overclocking had its roots in the 1990s, but came into its own in the 2000s.

Off-the-shelf cooling systems designed for overclocked processors became common, and the gaming PC had its advent as well. Over the decade, transistor counts increased by about an order of magnitude, a trend continued from previous decades. Process sizes decreased about fourfold, from 180 nm to 45 nm.

超频起源于20世纪90年代，但在21世纪初开始流行。为超频处理器设计的现成冷却系统变得很常见，游戏PC也出现了。在过去的十年里，晶体管数量增加了大约一个数量级，这一趋势延续了过去几十年。工艺尺寸减少了约四倍，从180纳米降至45纳米。

Date	Name	Developer	Clock	Process	Transistors (millions)	Cores per die / Dies per module
2000	Athlon XP	AMD	1.33–1.73 GHz	180 nm	37.5	1 / 1
2000	Duron	AMD	550 MHz–1.3 GHz	180 nm	25	1 / 1
2000	RS64-IV	IBM	600–750 MHz	180 nm	44	1 / 2
2000	Pentium 4	Intel	1.3–2 GHz	180–130 nm	42	1 / 1
2000	SPARC64 IV	Fujitsu	450–810 MHz	130 nm	-	1 / 1
2000	z900	IBM	918 MHz	180 nm	47	1 / 12, 20
2001	MIPS R14000	SGI	500–600 MHz	130 nm	7.2	1 / 1
2001	POWER4	IBM	1.1–1.4 GHz	180–130 nm	174	2 / 1, 4
2001	UltraSPARC III	Sun	750–1200 MHz	130 nm	29	1 / 1
2001	Itanium	Intel	733–800 MHz	180 nm	25	1 / 1
2001	PowerPC 7450	Motorola	733–800 MHz	180–130 nm	33	1 / 1
2002	SPARC64 V	Fujitsu	1.1–1.35 GHz	130 nm	190	1 / 1
2002	Itanium 2	Intel	0.9–1 GHz	180 nm	410	1 / 1
2003	PowerPC 970	IBM	1.6–2.0 GHz	130–90 nm	52	1 / 1
2003	Pentium M	Intel	0.9–1.7 GHz	130–90 nm	77	1 / 1
2003	Opteron	AMD	1.4–2.4 GHz	130 nm	106	1 / 1
2004	POWER5	IBM	1.65–1.9 GHz	130–90 nm	276	2 / 1, 2, 4
2004	PowerPC BGL	IBM	700 MHz	130 nm	95	2 / 1
2005	Opteron "Athens"	AMD	1.6–3.0 GHz	90 nm	114	1 / 1
2005	Pentium D	Intel	2.8–3.2 GHz	90 nm	115	1 / 2
2005	Athlon 64 X2	AMD	2–2.4 GHz	90 nm	243	2 / 1
2005	PowerPC 970MP	IBM	1.2–2.5 GHz	90 nm	183	2 / 1
2005	UltraSPARC IV	Sun	1.05–1.35 GHz	130 nm	66	2 / 1
2005	UltraSPARC T1	Sun	1–1.4 GHz	90 nm	300	8 / 1
2005	Xenon	IBM	3.2 GHz	90–45 nm	165	3 / 1
2006	Core Duo	Intel	1.1–2.33 GHz	90–65 nm	151	2 / 1
2006	Core 2	Intel	1.06–2.67 GHz	65–45 nm	291	2 / 1, 2
2006	Cell/B.E.	IBM, Sony, Toshiba	3.2–4.6 GHz	90–45 nm	241	1+8 / 1
2006	Itanium "Montecito"	Intel	1.4–1.6 GHz	90 nm	1720	2 / 1
2007	POWER6	IBM	3.5–4.7 GHz	65 nm	790	2 / 1
2007	SPARC64 VI	Fujitsu	2.15–2.4 GHz	90 nm	543	2 / 1
2007	UltraSPARC T2	Sun	1–1.4 GHz	65 nm	503	8 / 1
2007	TILE64	Tilera	600–900 MHz	90–45 nm	?	64 / 1
2007	Opteron "Barcelona"	AMD	1.8–3.2 GHz	65 nm	463	4 / 1
2007	PowerPC BGP	IBM	850 MHz	90 nm	208	4 / 1
2008	Phenom	AMD	1.8–2.6 GHz	65 nm	450	2, 3, 4 / 1
2008	z10	IBM	4.4 GHz	65 nm	993	4 / 7
2008	PowerXCell 8i	IBM	2.8–4.0 GHz	65 nm	250	1+8 / 1
2008	SPARC64 VII	Fujitsu	2.4–2.88 GHz	65 nm	600	4 / 1
2008	Atom	Intel	0.8–1.6 GHz	65–45 nm	47	1 / 1
2008	Core i7	Intel	2.66–3.2 GHz	45–32 nm	730	2, 4, 6 / 1
2008	TILEPro64	Tilera	600–866 MHz	90–45 nm	?	64 / 1
2008	Opteron "Shanghai"	AMD	2.3–2.9 GHz	45 nm	751	4 / 1
2009	Phenom II	AMD	2.5–3.2 GHz	45 nm	758	2, 3, 4, 6 / 1
2009	Opteron "Istanbul"	AMD	2.2–2.8 GHz	45 nm	904	6 / 1

2010s

Date	Name	Developer	Clock	Process	Transistors (millions)	Cores per die / Dies per module	threads per core
2010	POWER7	IBM	3–4.14 GHz	45 nm	1200	4, 6, 8 / 1, 4	4
2010	Itanium "Tukwila"	Intel	2 GHz	65 nm	2000	2, 4 / 1	2
2010	Opteron "Magny-cours"	AMD	1.7–2.4 GHz	45 nm	1810	4, 6 / 2	1
2010	Xeon "Nehalem-EX"	Intel	1.73–2.66 GHz	45 nm	2300	4, 6, 8 / 1	2
2010	z196	IBM	3.8–5.2 GHz	45 nm	1400	4 / 1, 6	1
2010	SPARC T3	Sun	1.6 GHz	45 nm	2000	16 / 1	8
2010		Fujitsu	2.66–3.0 GHz	45 nm	?	4 / 1	2
2010		Intel	1.86–3.33 GHz	32 nm	1170	4–6 / 1	2
2011		Intel	1.6–3.4 GHz	32 nm	995[45]	2, 4 / 1	(1,) 2
2011		AMD	1.0–1.6 GHz	40 nm	380[46]	1, 2 / 1	1
2011		Intel	1.73–2.67 GHz	32 nm	2600	4, 6, 8, 10 / 1	1–2
2011		IBM	1.6 GHz	45 nm	1470	18 / 1	4
2011		Fujitsu	2.0 GHz	45 nm	760	8 / 1	2
2011		AMD	3.1–3.6 GHz	32 nm	1200[47]	4–8 / 2	1
2011	SPARC T4	Oracle	2.8–3 GHz	40 nm	855	8 / 1	8
2012	SPARC64 IXfx	Fujitsu	1.848 GHz	40 nm	1870	16 / 1	2
2012	zEC12	IBM	5.5 GHz	32 nm	2750	6 / 6	1
2012	POWER7+	IBM	3.1–5.3 GHz	32 nm	2100	8 / 1, 2	4
2012	Itanium "Poulson"	Intel	1.73–2.53 GHz	32 nm	3100	8 / 1	2
2013	Intel "Haswell"	Intel	1.9–4.4 GHz	22 nm	1400	4 / 1	2
2013	SPARC64 X	Fujitsu	2.8–3 GHz	28 nm	2950	16 / 1	2
2013	SPARC T5	Oracle	3.6 GHz	28 nm	1500	16 / 1	8
2014	POWER8	IBM	2.5–5 GHz	22 nm	4200	6, 12 / 1, 2	8
2014	Intel "Broadwell"	Intel	1.8-4 GHz	14 nm	1900	2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 16 / 1, 2, 4	2
2015	z13	IBM	5 GHz	22 nm	3990	8 / 1	2
2015	A8-7670K	AMD	3.6 GHz	28 nm	2410	4 / 1	1
2017	Zen	AMD	3.2–4.1 GHz	14 nm	4800	8, 16, 32 / 1, 2, 4	2
2017	z14	IBM	5.2 GHz	14 nm	6100	10 / 1	2
2017	POWER9	IBM	4 GHz	14 nm	8000	12, 24 / 1	4, 8
2017	SPARC M8[48]	Oracle	5 GHz	20 nm	~10,000[49]	32	8
2018	Intel "Cannon Lake"	Intel	2.2-3.2 GHz	10 nm	?	2 / 1	2
2018	Zen+	AMD	2.8-3.7 GHz	12 nm	4800	2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 16, 24, 32 / 1, 2, 4	1, 2
2019	Zen 2	AMD	2-4.7 GHz	7 nm	3900	6, 8, 12, 16, 24, 32, 64 / 1, 2, 4	2
2019	z15	IBM	5.2 GHz	14 nm	9200	12 / 1	2

2020s

Date	Name	Developer	Clock	Process	Transistors (millions)	Cores per die / Dies per module	threads per core
2020	Zen 3	AMD	3.4–4.9 GHz	7 nm	?	6, 8, 12, 16 /	2
2020	M1	Apple	3.2 GHz	5 nm	16000	8	1

See also

• Moore's law
• Transistor count per chip, chronology　（晶体管数量/每个芯片,年代表）
• Timeline of instructions per second - architectural chip performance chronology
• Tick-Tock model

References and notes

References

• Notes

• sandpile.org for x86 processor information
• Ogdin . Jerry . Microprocessor scorecard . Euromicro Newsletter . 1 . 2 . 43–77 . January 1975 . 10.1016/0303-1268(75)90008-5 .

Notes and References

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3. Web site: Rockwell PPS-4. The Antique Chip Collector's Page. 2010-06-14.
4. Ryoichi Mori. Hiroaki Tajima. Morihiko Tajima. Yoshikuni Okada. October 1977. Microprocessors in Japan. Euromicro Newsletter. 3. 4. 50–7 (51, Table 2.2). 10.1016/0303-1268(77)90111-0.
5. Web site: NEC 751 (uCOM-4). The Antique Chip Collector's Page. https://web.archive.org/web/20110525202756/http://www.antiquetech.com/chips/NEC751.htm. 2011-05-25. dead. 2010-06-11.
6. Web site: 1973: 12-bit engine-control microprocessor (Toshiba) . Semiconductor History Museum of Japan . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20190627203018/http://www.shmj.or.jp/english/pdf/ic/exhibi739E.pdf . 2019-06-27 . 16 September 2020.
7. Encyclopedia: Allen Kent, James G. Williams . Encyclopedia of Microcomputers . 1990 . Marcel Dekker . 7 . Evolution of Computerized Maintenance Management to Generation of Random Numbers . 0-8247-2706-1 . 336 .
8. Web site: Jeff . Little . Intersil Intercept Jr . 2009-03-04 . ClassicCmp .
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11. CDP 1800 μP Commercially available . Microcomputer Digest . 2 . 4 . 1–3 . October 1975 .
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13. Web site: Hybrid Microprocessor . 2008-06-15 .
14. HP designs Custom 16-bit μC Chip . Microcomputer Digest . 2 . 4 . 8 . October 1975 .
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19. CDP 1802 . Microcomputer Digest . 2 . 10 . 1, 4 . April 1976 .
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21. Web site: Microprocessors — The Explosion 1975–1976 . The Antique Chip Collector's Page . 2010-06-18 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20090909151455/http://www.antiquetech.com/history/mpu1975-1976.htm . 2009-09-09 .
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24. Web site: Berkeley Hardware Prototypes . 2008-06-15.
25. 10.1145/2465.214917. Reduced instruction set computers. 1985. Patterson, David A.. Communications of the ACM. 28. 8–21. 1493886.
26. Web site: Forth chips list . 2010 . UltraTechnology .
27. Book: Koopman, Philip J. . 4.4 Architecture of the NOVIX NC4016 . https://www.ece.cmu.edu/~koopman/stack_computers/sec4_4.html . Stack Computers: the new wave . E. Horwood . 1989 . 0745804187 .
28. Tom . Hand . The Harris RTX 2000 Microcontroller . Journal of Forth Application and Research . 6 . 1 . 0738-2022 . 1994 .
29. Web site: Fujitsu to take ARM into the realm of Super . The CPU Shack Museum . June 21, 2016 . 30 June 2019.
30. Web site: Fujitsu SPARC . cpu-collection.de . 30 June 2019.
31. Web site: Timeline . . 30 June 2019.
32. Kimura S, Komoto Y, Yano Y . Implementation of the V60/V70 and its FRM function . IEEE Micro . 8 . 2 . 22–36 . 1988 . 10.1109/40.527 . 9507994 .
33. C Green . P Gülzow . L Johnson . K Meinzer . J Miller . The Experimental IHU-2 Aboard P3D . Amsat Journal . 22 . 2 . Mar–Apr 1999 . The first processor using these principles, called ARM-1, was fabricated by VLSI in April 1985, and gave startling performance for the time, whilst using barely 25,000 transistors.
34. Inayoshi H, Kawasaki I, Nishimukai T, Sakamura K . Realization of Gmicro/200 . IEEE Micro . 8 . 2 . 12–21 . 1988 . 10.1109/40.526 . 36938046 .
35. Web site: Intel i960 Embedded Microprocessor . https://web.archive.org/web/20030303223737/http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/optics/olympusmicd/galleries/chips/intel960b.html . dead . 3 March 2003 . . . 29 June 2019 . 3 March 2003.
36. Moore CR, Balser DM, Muhich JS, East RE . IBM Single Chip RISC Processor (RSC) . Proceedings of the 1991 IEEE International Conference on Computer Design on VLSI in Computer & Processors . IEEE Computer Society . 200–4 . 1992 . 0-8186-3110-4.
37. Embedded-DSP SuperH Family and Its Applications . Hitachi Review . 1998 . 47 . 4 . 121–7 . . 43356065 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190225114235/http://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/5ef8/dda794a72f0f9c3c347b0a2db9bd1a081571.pdf . dead . 2019-02-25 . 5 July 2019.
38. Web site: SH Microprocessor Leading the Nomadic Era . Semiconductor History Museum of Japan . 27 June 2019.
39. Web site: PA-RISC Processors . 2008-05-11 .
40. Web site: HARP-1: A 120 MHz Superscalar PA-RISC Processor . . 19 June 2019.
41. Entertainment Systems and High-Performance Processor SH-4 . Hitachi Review . 1999 . 48 . 2 . 58–63 . . 44852046 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190221030542/http://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/2dae/557444cd159c68d9a557189c70a68de0d233.pdf . dead . 2019-02-21 . 27 June 2019.
42. Web site: Remembering the Sega Dreamcast . . 18 June 2019 . September 29, 2009.
43. News: EMOTION ENGINE® AND GRAPHICS SYNTHESIZER USED IN THE CORE OF PLAYSTATION® BECOME ONE CHIP . 26 June 2019 . . April 21, 2003.
44. Book: Hennessy. John L. . John L. Hennessy . Patterson. David A. . David Patterson (scientist). Computer Architecture: A Quantitative Approach. 491. 9 April 2013. 3. 29 May 2002. Morgan Kaufmann. 978-0-08-050252-6.
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46. Book: renethx . Cedar (HD 5450) and Zacate (E350) are manufactured in TSMC 40 nm process . AMD Zacate — the next great HTPC chip? . 10 November 2011 . AVS Forum . http://www.avsforum.com/avs-vb/showthread.php?s=75ab046a2a3e7839557c22b89ff1ccd5&p=19470009#post19470009.
47. Web site: AMD Revises Bulldozer Transistor Count: 1.2B, not 2B . 2 December 2011 . AnandTech .
48. Web site: Sparc M8 processor . Oracle main website . Oracle Corp . 3 March 2019.
49. https://www.nextplatform.com/2017/09/18/m8-last-hurrah-oracle-sparc/

标签：nm,16,微处理器,32,GHz,chronology,MHz,Microprocessor,Intel
来源： https://www.cnblogs.com/aozhejin/p/16132491.html

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